The active ingredient in jelly dessert or jello is gelatin, a
protein-based gelling product made from collagen.
Gelatin comes in different grades, or Bloom numbers, as
measured by the force required to push a plunger into a solution of the
stuff to a predetermined depth: the more rigid the sample, the higher
the Bloom number. Jelly babies - a popular British sweet shaped like a
miniature baby - have a high Bloom number, so there is little danger of
drowning in a pool of the mixture used to make them.
The density of jelly is typically 10 per cent higher than
water, so a swimmer would float higher in a pool full of jelly than in
water. Jelly is also more viscous than water, meaning that someone
diving into jelly might have difficulty surfacing. However, two
researchers from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, won the 2005
Ig Nobel prize for chemistry for showing that people could swim just as
quickly in water spiked with guar gum, an edible thickening agent, as in
ordinary water. The spiked liquid has double the viscosity of water,
yet the increased drag is cancelled out by the increase in thrust that
swimmers can generate in it.
While we're on the subject of desserts, custard is interesting as it
becomes much more viscous under pressure. It is possible to walk across a
pool full of the stuff, as demonstrated on the UK TV series Braniac (for a clip of the feat, see YouTube).
Mike Follows, Willenhall, West Midlands, UK