I am a little puzzled as to why anyone would think someone brought up in space would not be aware of the Coriolis force. They may not be as affected by it (or, at least, not as aware of it) as they might be on the surface of a planetary body, but they would be subject to rotation, as everything in space follows some form of orbit, and is therefore subject to angular momentum. Everything is in a spin in some way.
As to what senses you do lose in a microgravity environment, the clearest examples from the history of manned spaceflight is taste, with astronauts often complaining of the bland flavour of the food they eat. This is due to congestion of the sinuses, although, curiously, astronauts have not complained to a comparable extent about the closely related sense of smell. (This inconsistency, however, may be partly due to the greatly increased frequency of flatulence in freefall).
Another form of sensory deprivation that might become more noticeable with very long-duration spaceflights (if these prove possible in the light of the physical deterioration that humans manifest as a result of prolonged exposure to microgravity) is the awareness of time passing. Freefall can cause serious sleep deprivation, and if this continued for months, or even years, there could be major consequences for a subject’s body clock.
Of course, a space-born and raised person would face the opposite effect if they were to settle on a planet. Even if their spaceship or habitat had an artificial day and night lighting regime (as employed, for example, on the various incarnations of the USS Enterprise in Star Trek and its spin-offs), they would probably find it difficult to adapt to the temporal patterns of life on Earth, and even more to the consequences of travelling between different time zones on the planet, a concept they would almost certainly find totally alien.
