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Why do you need to keep computers cool?

I thought that computer chips are made out of silicon, a semiconductor. I've read that the resistance of semiconductors decrease as the temperature increases. Therefore, wouldn't the performance of a chip be increased as the temperature increases?

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Jon-Richfield says:

Chips certainly are generally made of silicon nowadays, but they include a lot of components, such as solder and conductive metal that cannot take nearly as high a temperature as silicon can.

The fact that semiconductors can conduct better when hot has very little to do with it. If good conduction was all you wanted, you could make the chips of metal. But trust me, all-metal chips would not work.

The whole point is not to conduct electricity, so much as to control the conduction or non-conduction of electricity. In practice modern high-density, high-frequency chips run hot anyway. Touch the processor of your computer after it has been running for a while (which I strongly recommend you do not!) and you will burn your finger.

Let the chip get much hotter than its working temperature and it soon loses that conduction control and stops working. If you are lucky it might resume working when it cools down, but even if no solder has melted and you can see no visible damage on the chip, it may have been destroyed anyway; you may realise that the chips only work because specific atoms have been diffused into particular positions on the chip (sometimes billions of microscopic positions) and if you heat the chip too much, they diffuse out of position and no matter how functional that chip looks, it is dead.

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posted on 2010-08-21 15:54:17 | Report abuse


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lasarith says:

while its been quite some time since i knew about cpu,s (10 years) it all has to do with scale (the transistors) which are now 32 nanometers across has to deal with all the heat that is generated as the electrons pass though it,

and cannot dissipate all the heat fast enough due to thier surface area (as well as a larger surface area would) the build up of- is more than the transistors can handel in effect frying them -and can even set the computer on fire.

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posted on 2010-11-18 05:21:26 | Report abuse

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Jon-Richfield says:

That certainly is true. It also applies to other chips such as memory. Just keeping dynamic memory alive takes surprising amounts of power.

Another consequence of high temperatures in very small semiconductor components that I see I forgot to mention, is that at higher tempertures the electrons are not so well behaved and it takes better insulation to keep them from leaking out of where you want them into where you don't want them. The smaller the components, the more difficult it is to supply adequate insulation. The larger the components the harder it is to pack them densely and make them cheaply and make them fast.

The whole business is a sort of multidimensional tightrope walk.

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posted on 2010-11-18 06:19:15 | Report abuse


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