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How does a giraffe regulate blood flow to the brain on bending to drink water?

A normal healthy humans can maintain constant blood flow to their brain providing that the average arterial blood pressures is between 50 and 150 mmHg. Above 150 mmHg there is a risk that blood flow becomes too high, which can potentially cause a brain haemorrhage.  Below 50mmHg and there is a risk that blood flow will be inadequate to perfuse the brain.

Giraffes can grow to heights of 5m.  I think that the difference in cerebral blood pressure between standing fully erect and bending down to ground level to drink would be over 360mmHg. 

I have heard that giraffes have a system of one way valves in their neck veins to prevent pressure overload in the venous system when bending down to drink but it would be impossible to achieve this with their arteries because the blood has to travel in the direction of the head.  

How do giraffes maintain constant brain blood flow over such a huge range of blood pressures?

How do their cerebral arteries cope with such high pressures without bursting? 

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Categories: Animals.

Tags: bloodcirculation, physiology, Biology, humanbrain, bloodpressure, zoo, giraffe.

 

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ecstatist says:

Note that arteries have muscles that control their diameter. This is the method how "blood pressure and flow" is controlled systemically. Aneurysisms (burst arteries, arterioles - high pressure side of capillaries) are relatively rare.

Note also that the "return of blood" is not primarily due to the "pushing" of old blood by new blood, but by the rhythmic compression and release of veins by adjacent pulsing arteries combined with non return valves in the veins. This is also aided (naturally when required by "pulsing' of normal body musculature when exercising.)

I would suspect that the biggest problem giraffes have (usually only while drinking) is to return "used blood" to allow space for new oxygenated blood. Although the "swallowing" muscles probably aid this process, nevertheless it is not  normally sufficient and that is why giraffes lift their heads up several times during long drinking sprees. (This behaviour is surmise on my part and requires verification.) 

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Tags: bloodcirculation, physiology, Biology, humanbrain, bloodpressure, zoo, giraffe.

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posted on 2010-10-29 18:28:24 | Report abuse


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StewartH status says:

The giraffe has a special structure in the neck, the name of which has slipped my mind, that regulates blood flow and hence blood pressure in the brain.

This is not the only problem that the creature has. Because of the rather large head of blood in the giraffe's system, the giraffe experiences very high pressures in the lower parts of each leg. This is overcome by a very tight sheath of tissue covering the lower part of the legs which acts in much the same way as a fighter pilot's G-suit.

 

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Tags: bloodcirculation, physiology, Biology, humanbrain, bloodpressure, zoo, giraffe.

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posted on 2010-10-29 22:14:39 | Report abuse


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rob.stass says:

I suggest you watch this >>> http://www.channel4.com/programmes/inside-natures-giants/4od#3072424It's an episode of Channel 4's 'Inside nature's giants' in which they dissect a giraffe and I think they talk about it's circulatory system quite a lot. Hope it helps  

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Tags: bloodcirculation, physiology, Biology, humanbrain, bloodpressure, zoo, giraffe.

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posted on 2010-10-31 09:36:30 | Report abuse

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danredfern says:

Dear Rob,

Thank you for the link to the giraffe documentary. It was really helpful.

I am an anaesthetist and have been interested in Giraffes ever since studying physiology (human) for exams .  The questions that always puzzled me about giraffes were how the blood flow to the brain was controlled with such huge variations in blood pressure and how the giraffe overcomes the dead space caused by its very long trachea.  The documentary answers both of these questions.

The answer to the blood pressure question seems to be a a network of blood vessels (not present in humans) that is proximal to the arteries of the brain. It looks similar to an AVM (arteriovenous malformation) which is always abnormal when found in the human brain.   I assume that these have a relatively high resistance and are only fully perfused when the giraffes head is bent down.  That way they could selectively act as bypass system only at periods of dangerously high blood pressure 

The answer to my other question is that the giraffe takes huge tidal volumes 15 litres (only 500ml in a human).  This overcomes the dead space created by the long neck.

One thing that still puzzles me is how that heart of the giraffe manages to work efficiently and perfuse itself when the left ventricle is so massively hypertrophied.  In a humans high blood pressure leads to left ventricular hypertrophy (although much less than in the giraffe) and this can lead to angina and heart failure.

Thanks,

Dan.

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Tags: bloodcirculation, physiology, Biology, humanbrain, bloodpressure, zoo, giraffe.

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posted on 2010-11-01 21:15:15 | Report abuse


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