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Are tides changing the orbit of the Moon?

Over the billions of years that the Earth has been orbitted by the Moon, its rotation has slowed by the slight resistance to the tide as it travels round the planet (relative to the Earth of course, it would appear static relative to the Moon).  The tide is of course caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the equal and opposite gravitational forces of the Earth and the Moon keep the Moon nicely in orbit around the Earth.

As the force causing the braking effect of the tide is exerted by the Moon's gravity, there should be an equal and opposite force to the braking that is being exerted on the Moon.  As the tide is working as a brake on the rotation of the Earth, it would be expected that the bulge of tidal water is slightly ahead of the Moon with the Moon's gravity pulling it back.  I suspect that this bulge slightly offsetting the Earth's centre of gravity out of line with the Moon's centre of gravity and the Moon's centre of rotation might have some such effect.

Admittedly the effect would be rather small, but over the periods of time such as the time it has taken for the Earth's rotation to change from 6 hours per day to 24 hours per day surely there has been some effect.  If so, am I right in thinking that the Moon's orbit has quickened over time?  If so, I hope the Moon has stayed in equillibrium by adjusting its altitude (is that the right word?) and isn't thinking of leaving us to it once it has built up an escape velocity...

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Categories: Planet Earth.

Tags: orbit, astrophysics, Earth, gravity, moon, tide, Astronomy, Earthsgravity, Tidal-Forces, tides.

 

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Jon-Richfield says:

OP,

You have done well. There are a few important points however. It is true that the distortion of the shape of the Earth by the gravity of the Moon is at its greatest where there is liquid, specifically the oceans. However, the Earth's crust also bulges as it rotates under the Moon.

Now, a very important point is that the bulge cannot form instantly and it certainly cannot subside instantly. Because the Earth rotates faster than the Moon revolves around us, this means that as the bulge subsides it is no longer beneath the moon, but leading it. It sticks out from the Earth (very, very slightly, to be sure) like a mass held in front of the Moon, and a mass held in front of the Moon must attract the Moon. And attracting the Moon from the front speeds up its motion in orbit.

Note that although the bulge is very slight, the tidal effect between two masses is proportional to the third power of the distance between them (other things being equal) and this means that remarkably small differences in distance can have a drastic tidal effects. Physicists are fond of pointing out things such as that your morning plate of cereal has a stronger tidal effect on you than the Moon, even though the Moon is dramatically more massive.

Very well, that is point one. The rotating Earth keeps holding out a mass that accelerate the Moon in its orbit.

Another important point: accelerating the Moon in its orbit has an apparently paradoxical effect on its motion. It is easy to see that the acceleration causes the Moon's orbit to widen. But here we find a confusing effect: widening its orbit slows the Moon in its orbit. (If it did not, then we would have an example where energy is not conserved, because a higher speed in a more distant orbit leads to a still more distant orbit and a more distant orbit requires more energy. However no one has yet found any way around the principle of energy-and-mass conservation, and this is yet another example of how well that conservation principle works.)

Now, accelerating the Moon in its orbit requires more energy. This energy can only come at the cost of some other source of energy. In this case it comes from the kinetic energy stored in the rotation of the Earth. Once that has been used up, there will be no more rotation to continue accelerating the Moon. At that point the Earth would keep the same face to the Moon permanently, just as the Moon already has kept the same face to the Earth for a long time now. As you can see, there is no question of the Moon even approaching escape velocity by these means. Long before that could happen the Earth would be rotating more slowly than the Moon's orbital period, and then it would be decelerating the Moon in its orbit, causing it to orbit more closely, and more quickly.

As always, if that did not help, please ask.

sssss
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Tags: orbit, astrophysics, Earth, gravity, moon, tide, Astronomy, Earthsgravity, Tidal-Forces, tides.

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posted on 2010-11-10 16:40:32 | Report abuse

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JameyBarron says:

Also needing factoring in (perhaps?) is that sometimes the tide will crash against a continent - imagine passing East hitting Europe head on - and sometimes there will be minimal swell from tide as the majority of Moon-facing Earth would be dry land.

For argument's sake, if at the watery times swelled and de-swelled quicker and therefore closer to the moon (as opposed to the land taking a different amount of time as not fluid) then the forces would be marginally different. However, even a marginal difference with forces this great could make a fairly reasonable difference.

Therefore, perhaps someone wiser than me could calculate if we are better off when the moon passes over land or water?

As a tongue in cheek final comment, with the above have I stumbled across the answer to a long standing query? When you feel you are having a day that is particularly slow or fast, this is because the day actually IS slower/faster, depending on whether the moon is over land or sea (and therefore slowing the planet quicker).

 

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Tags: orbit, astrophysics, Earth, gravity, moon, tide, Astronomy, Earthsgravity, Tidal-Forces, tides.

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posted on 2012-12-09 18:04:26 | Report abuse


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