Several years ago, before I was aware of the climate change controversies, I proposed measures along such lines for various forms of weather control, and in fact regional climate control for various reasons.

There are many substances that could be used in various ways for such purposes, though most of the examples that I could think of would favour darkening rather than lightning of surfaces. Darkening is generally easier and more controllable. White materials are generally scarcer and more expensive.

Hydrides of silicon and phosphorus burn in air to form reasonably harmless, intensely white particles that are easy to disperse, but I suspect that they would be very expensive for such applications. Magnesium or calcium oxide smokes, or their hydroxides or carbonates might be cheaper. None of them would be proof against rain and none would last long in reasonable conditions.

Light coloured clays such as kaolin probably would be cheaper but harder to prepare and disperse properly. Possibly organic materials such as paper dust would be particularly suitable.

As a countermeasure to global warming, I doubt that any such material would be viable, but something of the kind might be useful for climate control, and that is far more important.