Books' worth! Any airflow disturbance creates sounds of characteristic
volume, frequency, decay, damping, attack, and oscillation. Trees' songs change
with wind speed and direction. Higher branches have different shapes and
textures of leaves, and encounter higher winds. Thin, threadlike or needle-like
leaves or petioles shed vortices as the wind oscillates round them, creating
the high-pitched, romantic whisper of conifers. To experiment with the process,
whiffle a straightened wire hanger through the air, and compare the effect with
the same wire bent into a smooth scimitar-shape. Then reverse the scimitar,
point leading. Its voice suddenly weakens, the vortices flying off alone,
instead of trailing along the wire and amplifying new vortices. Hold threads of various thicknesses under
various tensions beside your ear as Aeolian speedometers; you may be surprised at
the clarity of their sound even at walking pace.
Flat leaves flap like flags, depending on thickness, firmness, edge outline,
and surface texture. This is commonly the main component of the rustling sound.
Pointed, narrow willow leaves shed wind energy with whisperings rather than
flappings. Colliding leaves suffer damage, so they grow in patterns that avoid
touch, but in high winds impact is inevitable, causing another kind of rustling.
Smooth, large, simple leaves tend to give low notes except when flapping
vigorously; trees with small or compound leaves, prominent veins, complex
outlines, furry surfaces, and rough bark, seem quieter, but they produce more
ultrasonics. Crisp autumn leaves act as rattles. Hollow leaves galled by
aphids, and swollen Acacia thorns hollowed by ants, may actually whistle. Dense
foliage damps the transmission of high notes. The leaves of rushes scrape and
vibrate like the reeds of wind instruments; their susurration and sibilation
gave rise to the Greek legend about their whispering: "Midas has asses'
ears!"